ActiveMQ - Network of Brokers Explained - Part 4

In the previous part 3 , we have seen how ActiveMQ helps distinguish remote consumers from local consumers which helps in determining shorter routes from message producers to consumers.

In this part 4,  we will look into how to load balance concurrent consumers on remote brokers.

Let’s consider a bit more advanced configuration to load balance concurrent message consumers on a queue in remote brokers as shown below. 

Part 4 - Network of brokers 

In the above configuration, we have a message producer sending messages into a queue moo.bar on broker-1. Broker-1 establishes network connectors to broker-2 and broker-3. Consumer C1 consumes messages from queue moo.bar on broker-2 while consumers C2 and C3 are concurrent consumers on queue moo.bar on broker-3. 

Let's see this in action

Let's create three brokers instances...

1. Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:bin akuntamukkala$ pwd
   /Users/akuntamukkala/apache-activemq-5.8.0/bin


2. Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:bin akuntamukkala$./activemq-admin create ../cluster/broker-1


3. Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:bin akuntamukkala$./activemq-admin create ../cluster/broker-2


4. Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:bin akuntamukkala$./activemq-admin create ../cluster/broker-3


5. Fix the broker-2 and broker-3 transport, amqp connectors and jetty http port by modifying the corresponding conf/activemq.xml and conf/jetty.xml as follows:
   
   

   Broker	Openwire Port	Jetty HTTP Port	AMQP Port
   broker-1	61616	8161	5672
   broker-2	61626	9161	5682
   broker-3	61636	10161	5692

   
   


6. Fix network connector on broker-1 such that messages on queues can be forwarded dynamically to consumers on broker-2 and broker-3. This can be done by adding the following XML snippet into broker-1's conf/activemq.xml
   
   <networkConnectors>
       <networkConnector
  name="Q:broker1->broker2"
  uri="static:(tcp://localhost:61626)"
  duplex="false"
  decreaseNetworkConsumerPriority="true"
  networkTTL="2"
  dynamicOnly="true">
  <excludedDestinations>
     <topic physicalName="&gt;" />
  </excludedDestinations>
</networkConnector>


<networkConnector
   name="Q:broker1->broker3"
   uri="static:(tcp://localhost:61636)"
   duplex="false"
   decreaseNetworkConsumerPriority="true"
   networkTTL="2"
   dynamicOnly="true">
   <excludedDestinations>
        <topic physicalName="&gt;" />
   </excludedDestinations>
</networkConnector>
</networkConnectors>


7.  Start broker-2, broker-3 and broker-1. We can start these in any order.
1. /apache-activemq-5.8.0/cluster/broker-3/bin$ ./broker-3 console
2. /apache-activemq-5.8.0/cluster/broker-2/bin$ ./broker-2 console
3. /apache-activemq-5.8.0/cluster/broker-1/bin$ ./broker-1 console
8. Let's start the consumers C1 on broker-2 and C2, C3 on broker-3 but on the same queue called "moo.bar"
1. /apache-activemq-5.8.0/example$ ant consumer -Durl=tcp://localhost:61626 -Dsubject=moo.bar
2. /apache-activemq-5.8.0/example$ ant consumer -Durl=tcp://localhost:61636 -Dsubject=moo.bar -DparallelThreads=2
   
   The consumer subscriptions are forwarded by broker-2 and broker-3 to their neighboring broker-1 which has a network connector established to both broker-2 and broker-3 by the use of advisory messages. 
9. Let's review the broker web consoles to see the queues and corresponding consumers. 
1. We find that broker-2's web console shows one queue "moo.bar" having 1 consumer, broker-3's web console shows one queue "moo.bar" having 2 concurrent consumers
2. Though there are three consumers (C1 on broker-2 and C2,C3 on broker-3), broker-1 sees only two consumers (representing broker-2 and broker-3).



http://localhost:8161/admin/queues.jsp










3. 
   
   This is because the network connector from broker-1 to broker-2 and to broker-3 by default has a property "conduitSubscriptions" which is true. 
   Due to which broker-3's C2 and C3 which consume messages from the same queue "moo.bar" are treated as one consumer in broker-1.
10. Let's produce 30 messages into broker-1's queue moo.bar and see how the messages are divvied among the consumers C1, C2 and C3

Shows how the messages were propagated from producer to consumers C1, C2, C3

As seen above, even though there were three consumers and 30 messages, they didn't get to process 10 messages each as C2, C3 subscriptions were consolidated into one consumer at broker-1. 

conduitSubscriptions="true" is a useful setting if we were creating subscribers on topics as that would prevent duplicate messages. More on this in part 5.

So, in order to make C2 and C3 subscriptions on queue moo.bar propagate to broker-1, let's redo the same steps 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 after setting conduitSubscriptions="false" in broker-1's network connector configuration in conf/activemq.xml 

Here is the new network connector configuration snippet for broker-1:

<networkConnectors>
  <networkConnector
    name="Q:broker1->broker2"
    uri="static:(tcp://localhost:61626)"
    duplex="false"
    decreaseNetworkConsumerPriority="true"
    networkTTL="2"
    conduitSubscriptions="false"
    dynamicOnly="true">
    <excludedDestinations>
       <topic physicalName="&gt;" />
    </excludedDestinations>
  </networkConnector>
  <networkConnector
    name="Q:broker1->broker3"
    uri="static:(tcp://localhost:61636)"
    duplex="false"
    decreaseNetworkConsumerPriority="true"
    networkTTL="2"
    conduitSubscriptions="false"
    dynamicOnly="true">
    <excludedDestinations>
       <topic physicalName="&gt;" />
    </excludedDestinations>
  </networkConnector>
</networkConnectors>

Upon restarting the brokers and consumers C1, C2 and C3 and producing 30 messages into broker-1's moo.bar queue, we find that all of the three consumer subscriptions are visible at broker-1. As a result broker-1 dispatches 10 messages to each of the consumers in a round-robin fashion to load balance. This is depicted pictorially below. 

Shows how the messages were propagated from producer to consumers C1, C2, C3

Broker-1's web console @ http://localhost:8161/admin/queueConsumers.jsp?JMSDestination=moo.bar shows that broker-1 now sees 3 consumers and dispatches 10 messages to each consumer

Thus in this part 4 of the blog series, we have seen how we can load balance remote concurrent consumers which are consuming messages from a queue. 

As always, your comments and feedback is appreciated!

In the next part 5, we will explore how the same scenario will play out if we were to use a topic instead of a queue. Stay tuned...

References

• http://fusesource.com/docs/esb/4.3/amq_clustering/Networks-Connectors.html

Resources

• The configuration files (activemq.xml and jetty.xml) of all the brokers used in this blog are available here.

ActiveMQ - Network of Brokers Explained - Part 3

Now that we have understood the basics of ActiveMQ network connector in part 1 and part 2 of this blog series, in this part 3, we will examine how ActiveMQ load balances consumers which connect to a network of brokers.

Introduction

Concurrent consumers are used when messages in a queue can be processed out of order and usually to improve message throughput. ActiveMQ broker dispatches messages in a round-robin fashion among the consumers in order to load balance message consumption across concurrent consumers unless the consumer is specified as exclusive. 

Let's see the following example where three consumers are concurrently processing messages from queue foo.bar. A producer enqueues 60 messages which are processed by three consumers (20 each) in a round robin fashion.

Start three concurrent consumers on queue foo.bar

Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:example akuntamukkala$ pwd
/Users/akuntamukkala/apache-activemq-5.8.0/example

Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:example akuntamukkala$ ant consumer -Durl=tcp://localhost:61616 -Dtopic=false -Dsubject=foo.bar -DparallelThreads=3 -Dmax=20

Produce 60 messages 

Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:example akuntamukkala$ ant producer -Durl=tcp://localhost:61616 -Dtopic=false -Dsubject=foo.bar -Dmax=60

The following screenshot shows 3 consumers processing messages from queue foo.bar. 60 messages were enqueued and dequeued. 

As shown below 20 messages were processed by each of the consumers. 

The following excerpt from log shows that messages are divvied out among three consumers...

[java] [Thread-3] Received: 'Message: 1 sent at: Tue Mar 04 13:46:53 IST 2014  ...' (length 1000)
[java] [Thread-2] Received: 'Message: 0 sent at: Tue Mar 04 13:46:53 IST 2014  ...' (length 1000)
[java] [Thread-1] Received: 'Message: 2 sent at: Tue Mar 04 13:46:53 IST 2014  ...' (length 1000)
[java] [Thread-3] Received: 'Message: 4 sent at: Tue Mar 04 13:46:53 IST 2014  ...' (length 1000)
[java] [Thread-2] Received: 'Message: 3 sent at: Tue Mar 04 13:46:53 IST 2014  ...' (length 1000)
[java] [Thread-1] Received: 'Message: 5 sent at: Tue Mar 04 13:46:53 IST 2014  ...' (length 1000)
[java] [Thread-3] Received: 'Message: 7 sent at: Tue Mar 04 13:46:53 IST 2014  ...' (length 1000)
[java] [Thread-2] Received: 'Message: 6 sent at: Tue Mar 04 13:46:53 IST 2014  ...' (length 1000)
[java] [Thread-1] Received: 'Message: 8 sent at: Tue Mar 04 13:46:53 IST 2014  ...' (length 1000)

[java] [Thread-3] Received: 'Message: 10 sent at: Tue Mar 04 13:46:53 IST 2014 ...' (length 1000)

Now that we have seen how concurrent consumers work on a single broker, we will now examine how they work when consumers are spread across network of brokers. 

Local Vs Remote Consumers

Let's explore how ActiveMQ handles local and remote consumers with the help of a configuration shown in the figure below. 

Consumer-1 and Consumer-2 consume messages from queue foo.bar on Broker-1 and Broker-2 respectively. Broker-1 established a network connector to Broker-2 to forward queue messages. Producer enqueues messages into queue foo.bar on Broker-1

Let's see this in action

• Edit Broker-1's configuration /Users/akuntamukkala/apache-activemq-5.8.0/bridge-demo/broker-1/conf/activemq.xml and open a network connector to Broker-2 and restart Broker-1 and Broker-2

        <networkConnectors>

                <networkConnector

                        name="T:broker1->broker2"

                        uri="static:(tcp://localhost:61626)"

                        duplex="false"

                        decreaseNetworkConsumerPriority="false"

                        networkTTL="2"

                        dynamicOnly="true">

                        <excludedDestinations>

                                <queue physicalName="&gt;" />

                        </excludedDestinations>

                </networkConnector>

                <networkConnector

                        name="Q:broker1->broker2"

                        uri="static:(tcp://localhost:61626)"

                        duplex="false"

                        decreaseNetworkConsumerPriority="false"

                        networkTTL="2"

                        dynamicOnly="true">

                        <excludedDestinations>

                                <topic physicalName="&gt;" />

                        </excludedDestinations>

                </networkConnector>

        </networkConnectors>

• Start local consumer, Consumer-1

Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:example akuntamukkala$ ant consumer -Durl=tcp://localhost:61616 -Dtopic=false -Dsubject=foo.bar 

• Start remote consumer, Consumer-2

Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:example akuntamukkala$ ant consumer -Durl=tcp://localhost:61626 -Dtopic=false -Dsubject=foo.bar

• Start producer on Broker-1 to enqueue 100 messages

Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:example akuntamukkala$ ant producer -Durl=tcp://localhost:61616 -Dtopic=false -Dsubject=foo.bar -Dmax=100

Screenshot showing Broker-1's queues:

Let's look at the consumers to see how the messages have been divvied out.

As you may notice, ActiveMQ broker dispatches the messages equally to local consumer over the remote consumer giving them the same priority. 

The remote consumer, Consumer-2 is only broker 1 hop away which is less than configured networkTTL value of 2.

This leads to suboptimal routes especially when brokers are connected such that multiple routes are possible between producers and consumers. It is preferable to dispatch to local consumers over remote consumers in order to ensure shortest path between producers and consumers. 

ActiveMQ provides a way to configure the priority between local consumer and remote consumer using the property decreaseNetworkConsumerPriority on the network connector.

By default, this value is false and hence the local and remote brokers were treated alike. 

If we repeat the above steps after changing the decreaseNetworkConsumerPriority="true" 

then we find that local consumer, Consumer-1 is given preference over remote consumer, Consumer-2 which is 1 broker hop away. 

ActiveMQ intelligently figures out shortest path in a network of brokers between message producers and consumers. 

Please read the following link to gain further understanding of optimal routing by ActiveMQ.

• http://fusesource.com/docs/esb/4.3/amq_clustering/Networks-OptimizingRoutes.html

This concludes part 3 of this series where we saw how to differentiate local and remote consumers to assist ActiveMQ determine most optimal path between message producers and consumers. 

As always your comments are very welcome. 

Stay tuned for part 4 where we will go over load balancing remote concurrent consumers...

ActiveMQ - Network of Brokers Explained - Part 2

In this blog we will see how duplex network connectors work.

In the previous part 1 we created a network connector from broker-1 and broker-2. We were able to see how messages for queue "foo.bar" on broker-1 were forwarded queue "foo.bar" on broker-2 when there was a consumer on broker-2 for queue "foo.bar"

Let's try doing the reverse by producing messages into broker-2's queue foo.bar and consume from broker-1's queue "foo.bar"

Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:example akuntamukkala$ ant producer -Durl=tcp://localhost:61626 -Dtopic=false -Ddurable=true -Dsubject=foo.bar -Dmax=100

Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:example akuntamukkala$ ant consumer -Durl=tcp://localhost:61616 -Dtopic=false -Dsubject=foo.bar

In the previous blog post, we had enqueued/dequeued 100 messages. Hence the #messages enqueued now shows as 200 here. 

As shown above, 100 new messages are enqueued on foo.bar queue on broker-2 but there are no consumers though there is a network connector for all queues from broker-1 to broker-2. 

The reason is that a network connector unless specified as "duplex" is unidirectional from the source to the destination broker. 

Let's change the following attribute highlighted in yellow in /Users/akuntamukkala/apache-activemq-5.8.0/bridge-demo/broker-1/conf/activemq.xml configuration file for broker-1.

     <networkConnectors>
         <networkConnector 
            name="T:broker1->broker2" 
            uri="static:(tcp://localhost:61626)" 
            duplex="false" 
            decreaseNetworkConsumerPriority="true" 
            networkTTL="2" 
            dynamicOnly="true">
            <excludedDestinations>
                  <queue physicalName="&gt;" />
            </excludedDestinations>
         </networkConnector>
         <networkConnector 
            name="Q:broker1->broker2" 
            uri="static:(tcp://localhost:61626)" 
            duplex="true" 
            decreaseNetworkConsumerPriority="true" 
            networkTTL="2" 
            dynamicOnly="true">
            <excludedDestinations>
                  <topic physicalName="&gt;" />
            </excludedDestinations>
         </networkConnector>
     </networkConnectors>

Let's restart the brokers and connect to the brokers using jConsole.

Here is broker-1 jConsole MBean tab screenshot which shows the following:

1. Q:broker1->broker2 network connector is duplex.
2. There is now a dynamic producer into broker-1 from broker-2 because the
   Q:broker1->broker2 network connector is "duplex".

Here is broker-2 jConsole MBean tab screenshot which shows the following:

1. Duplex network connector from broker-2 to broker-1
2. Two dynamic message producers from broker-1 to broker-2
1. Please note that "Q:broker1->broker2" network connector shows as duplex as configured in activemq.xml 

Let's see this in action

1. Producer 100 messages into broker-2

Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:example akuntamukkala$ ant producer -Durl=tcp://localhost:61626 -Dtopic=false -Ddurable=true -Dsubject=foo.bar -Dmax=100

Screenshot of queues in broker-2: http://localhost:9161/admin/queues.jsp

    2.  Create a consumer on foo.bar on broker-1

Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:example akuntamukkala$ ant consumer -Durl=tcp://localhost:61616 -Dtopic=false -Dsubject=foo.bar

The following screenshot from broker-2 shows that all the 100 messages have been dequeued by a consumer (dynamically forwarded to broker-1).

http://localhost:9161/admin/queues.jsp

The following screenshot shows the details of this dynamic consumer on broker-2's foo.bar queue.

http://localhost:9161/admin/queueConsumers.jsp?JMSDestination=foo.bar

The following screenshot shows that the 100 messages which were dynamically moved from broker-2's foo.bar queue to broker-1's foo.bar queue have been successfully consumed by the consumer which we created in step #2

This concludes part 2 of this series where we saw how duplex network connectors work. 

As always your comments are very welcome. 

Stay tuned for part 3 where we will go over load balancing consumers on local/remote brokers...

ActiveMQ - Network of Brokers Explained

Objective

This 7 part blog series is to share about how to create network of ActiveMQ brokers in order to achieve high availability and scalability.

Why network of brokers?

ActiveMQ message broker is a core component of messaging infrastructure in an enterprise. It needs to be highly available and dynamically scalable to facilitate communication between dynamic heterogeneous distributed applications which have varying capacity needs. 

Scaling enterprise applications on commodity hardware is a rage nowadays. ActiveMQ caters to that very well by being able to create a network of brokers to share the load. 

Many times applications running across geographically distributed data centers need to coordinate messages. Running message producers and consumers across geographic regions/data centers can be architected better using network of brokers.  

ActiveMQ uses transport connectors over which it communicates with message producers and consumers. However, in order to facilitate broker to broker communication, ActiveMQ uses network connectors. 

A network connector is a bridge between two brokers which allows on-demand message forwarding. 

In other words, if Broker B1 initiates a network connector to Broker B2 then the messages on a channel (queue/topic) on B1 get forwarded to B2 if there is at least one consumer on B2 for the same channel. If the network connector was configured to be duplex, the messages get forwarded from B2 to B1 on demand. 

This is very interesting because it is now possible for brokers to communicate with each other dynamically. 

In this 7 part blog series, we will look into the following topics to gain understanding of this very powerful ActiveMQ feature:

1. Network Connector Basics - Part 1
2. Duplex network connectors - Part 2 
3. Load balancing consumers on local/remote brokers - Part 3
4. Load-balance consumers/subscribers on remote brokers  
1. Queue: Load balance remote concurrent consumers - Part 4
2. Topic: Load Balance Durable Subscriptions on Remote Brokers - Part 5
5. Store/Forward messages and consumer failover  - Part 6
1. How to prevent stuck  messages
6. Virtual Destinations - Part 7

To give credit where it is due, the following URLs have helped me in creating this blog post series. 

1. Advanced Messaging with ActiveMQ by Dejan Bosanac [Slides 32-36] 
2. Understanding ActiveMQ Broker Networks by Jakub Korab 

Prerequisites

1. ActiveMQ 5.8.0 – To create broker instances
2. Apache Ant – To run ActiveMQ sample producer and consumers for demo.

We will use multiple ActiveMQ broker instances on the same machine for the ease of demonstration.

Network Connector Basics - Part 1

The following diagram shows how a network connector functions. It bridges two brokers and is used to forward messages from Broker-1 to Broker-2 on demand if established by Broker-1 to Broker-2. 

A network connector can be duplex so messages could be forwarded in the opposite direction; from Broker-2 to Broker-1, once there is a consumer on Broker-1 for a channel which exists in Broker-2. More on this in Part 2

Setup network connector between broker-1 and broker-2

• Create two broker instances, say broker-1 and broker-2

Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:bin akuntamukkala$ pwd
/Users/akuntamukkala/apache-activemq-5.8.0/bin
Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:bin akuntamukkala$ ./activemq-admin create ../bridge-demo/broker-1

Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:bin akuntamukkala$ ./activemq-admin create ../bridge-demo/broker-2

Since we will be running both brokers on the same machine, let's configure broker-2 such that there are no port conflicts. 

• Edit /Users/akuntamukkala/apache-activemq-5.8.0/bridge-demo/broker-2/conf/activemq.xml

1. Change transport connector to 61626 from 61616
2. Change AMQP port from 5672 to 6672 (won't be using it for this blog)

• Edit /Users/akuntamukkala/apache-activemq-5.8.0/bridge-demo/broker-2/conf/jetty.xml

1. Change web console port to 9161 from 8161

• Configure Network Connector from broker-1 to broker-2
  Add the following XML snippet to /Users/akuntamukkala/apache-activemq-5.8.0/bridge-demo/broker-1/conf/activemq.xml

     <networkConnectors>
         <networkConnector 
            name="T:broker1->broker2" 
            uri="static:(tcp://localhost:61626)" 
            duplex="false" 
            decreaseNetworkConsumerPriority="true" 
            networkTTL="2" 
            dynamicOnly="true">
            <excludedDestinations>
                  <queue physicalName="&gt;" />
            </excludedDestinations>
         </networkConnector>
         <networkConnector 
            name="Q:broker1->broker2" 
            uri="static:(tcp://localhost:61626)" 
            duplex="false" 
            decreaseNetworkConsumerPriority="true" 
            networkTTL="2" 
            dynamicOnly="true">
            <excludedDestinations>
                  <topic physicalName="&gt;" />
            </excludedDestinations>
         </networkConnector>
     </networkConnectors>

The above XML snippet configures two network connectors "T:broker1->broker2" (only topics as queues are excluded) and "Q:broker1->broker2"  (only queues as topics are excluded). This allows for nice separation between network connectors used for topics and queues. 

The name can be arbitrary although I prefer to specify the [type]:[source broker]->[destination broker].

The URI attribute specifies how to connect to broker-2

• Start broker-2

Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:bin akuntamukkala$ pwd
/Users/akuntamukkala/apache-activemq-5.8.0/bridge-demo/broker-2/bin

Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:bin akuntamukkala$ ./broker-2 console

• Start broker-1

Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:bin akuntamukkala$ pwd
/Users/akuntamukkala/apache-activemq-5.8.0/bridge-demo/broker-1/bin

Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:bin akuntamukkala$ ./broker-1 console

Logs on broker-1 show 2 network connectors being established with broker-2

 INFO | Establishing network connection from vm://broker-1?async=false&network=true to tcp://localhost:61626
 INFO | Connector vm://broker-1 Started
 INFO | Establishing network connection from vm://broker-1?async=false&network=true to tcp://localhost:61626
 INFO | Network connection between vm://broker-1#24 and tcp://localhost/127.0.0.1:61626@52132(broker-2) has been established.
 INFO | Network connection between vm://broker-1#26 and tcp://localhost/127.0.0.1:61626@52133(broker-2) has been established.

Web Console on broker-1 @ http://localhost:8161/admin/connections.jsp shows the two network connectors established to broker-2

The same on broker-2 does not show any network connectors since no network connectors were initiated by broker-2

Let's see this in action

Let's produce 100 persistent messages on a queue called "foo.bar" on broker-1. 

Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:example akuntamukkala$ pwd
/Users/akuntamukkala/apache-activemq-5.8.0/example
Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:example akuntamukkala$ ant producer -Durl=tcp://localhost:61616 -Dtopic=false -Ddurable=true -Dsubject=foo.bar -Dmax=100

broker-1 web console shows that 100 messages have been enqueued in queue "foo.bar"

http://localhost:8161/admin/queues.jsp

Let's start a consumer on a queue called "foo.bar" on broker-2. The important thing to note here is that the destination name "foo.bar" should match exactly. 

Ashwinis-MacBook-Pro:example akuntamukkala$ ant consumer -Durl=tcp://localhost:61626 -Dtopic=false -Dsubject=foo.bar 

We find that all the 100 messages from broker-1's foo.bar queue get forwarded to broker-2's foo.bar queue consumer. 

broker-1 admin console at http://localhost:8161/admin/queues.jsp

broker-2 admin console @ http://localhost:9161/admin/queues.jsp shows that the consumer we had started has consumed all 100 messages which were forwarded on-demand from broker-1 

broker-2 consumer details on foo.bar queue

broker-1 admin console shows that all 100 messages have been dequeued [forwarded to broker-2 via the network connector]. 

broker-1 consumer details on "foo.bar" queue shows that the consumer is created on demand: [name of connector]_[destination broker]_inbound_[source broker]

Thus we have seen the basics of network connector in ActiveMQ. 

As always, please feel to comment about anything that can be improved. Your inputs are welcome!

Stay tuned for Part 2...